Analyzing Literature

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# Analyzing Literature
## EDP 612 Week 6
### Dr. Abhik Roy

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#  Reference Text

.center2[
<center>Please download</center><br><br>
[Machi, L.A., & McEvoy, B.T. (2021). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.](https://libwvu.on.worldcat.org/oclc/1289372718)
]

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# Part I: Basic Overview

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## Guideline 1

+ Scan the articles to get an overview of each one

+ Read the first few paragraphs
	
--

+ Read the entire Methods section

+ Scan rest of article

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## Guideline 2

+ Based on your overview, group the articles by category

+ By topics and then subtopics
	
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+ By chronological order within subtopic

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## Guideline 3

Note: This slide will sound like study skills but it is still highly recommended!

+ Organize yourself before reading the articles

+ Computer
	
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+ Pack of note cards to write your comments on

+ Self-adhesive flags that you can use to identify noteworthy comments (or word processing program to highlight)

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## Guideline 4

+ Use a consistent format in your notes

+ Example
	
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+ Author(s)’ Last Name(s), Initial(s)
		
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+ Title of Article

--
	
		+ Publication Year
		
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+ Name of Journal, Volume, Edition, Page Numbers
		
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+ Notes

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## Guideline 5 
		
--

+ Look for explicit definitions of key terms in the literature

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## Guideline 6
		
--

+ Look for methodological strengths

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## Guideline 7
		
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+ Look for methodological weaknesses

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## Guideline 8
		
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+ Distinguish between assertion and evidence
		
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+ Assertion = author’s opinion
		
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+ Evidence = results of study

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## Guideline 9
		
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+ Identify the major trends or patterns in the results of previous studies

+ Generalization based on sources included in literature review

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## Guideline 10
		
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+ Identify gaps in the literature

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## Guideline 11 
		
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+ Identify relationships among studies

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## Guideline 12
		
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+ Note how each reviewed article relates to your topic

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## Guideline 13
		
--
 
+ Evaluate your reference list for relevancy and coverage
		
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+ Should demonstrate latest work done in subject area

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# Part II: Analyzing Literature from the Viewpoint of a Researcher

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## Guideline 1

+ State whether the study is quantitative or qualitative

+ Research is neither quantitative or qualitative
			
--

+ So please do not say *the research was...*

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## Guideline 2

+ Determine whether a study is experimental or nonexperimental

+ *Experimental*. Treatments are administered to participants for the purposes of the study and their effects are assessed

+ *Nonexperimental*. Participants’ traits are measured without attempting to change them

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## Guideline 3

+ In an experiment, note whether the participants were assigned at random to treatment conditions

+ *True experiment*. Participants randomly assigned to treatment and control groups

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## Guideline 4

+ Note attempts to examine cause-and-effect issues in nonexperimental studies

+ *Causal-comparative*. Uncover relationships between independent and dependent variables after an action or event has already occurred
	
--
	
  > aka *retroactive* 
  
--
	
  > aka *ex post facto*

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## Guideline 5

+ Note how the major variables were measured

+ *Valid*. Measure what they claim to measure
	
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+ *Reliable*. Yield consistent results

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## Guideline 6

--
 
+ Note the characteristics of the samples of participants, such as

+ Demographics

+ Geographic location
	
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+ Gender
	
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+ Race
	
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+ Ethnicity
	
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+ Age
	
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+ SES

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## Guideline 7
	
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+ Note how large a difference is – not just whether it is statistically significant
	
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+ So don't just report the `\(p\)`-value which by itself is nonsense

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## Guideline 8 
	
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+ It is safe to presume that all empirical studies are flawed
	
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+ Never ever ever ever use the word "prove" when discussing results

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# Guideline 9

> Make note of the limitations within each study

.pull-left[
These <span style="color:#d9534f;font-weight:bold;">are not</span> limits placed on<br>your own study due to another study!
]
  
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.pull-right[
These <span style="color:#428bca;font-weight:bold;">are</span> constraints placed on the<br>ability to generalize from the results
]

<br>
<br>
<br>
> Given enough of a pattern, this provides you with justification to conduct a study of your own without infringing on another

>> Found by summarizing and synthesizing

>> Ultimate purpose of the literaure review!

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#  That’s it!

Any questions?